1. What is the challenge of an ideal contracting system? Express your answer in terms of the risk and balance of power.

2. In an ordinary commercial transaction, what are the pre-contractual risks of the buyer and the seller, respectively?

3. (T/F) A person can contract to redistribute risks over which he has absolutely no control.

4. (T/F) Both parties assume the risk of fulfilling exactly the terms of the contract, however absurd or improbable, as long as it remains possible to fulfill that contract.

5. Short of specifically identifying each possible risk and assigning it between parties, what is one way a contract avoid litigation for unforeseen risks?

6. In the absence of fraud, or specific contractual language to the contrary, who assumes the risk that the item being purchased is of a higher quality than either party had known? Buyer or seller?

7. Why should parties not be allowed to exit from a contract when they have ended up worse overall, even greatly worse, as a result of contracting instead of foregoing a contract?

8. How explicit in a your reservation of power language does you have to be to place yourself squarely within the "zone of safety" and avoid being subjected to contractual liability?

9. Why is the law of contract deliberately fuzzy as to when parties have crossed the line into contractual obligation?

10. (T/F) A contract is rendered invalid due to lack of consideration if the parties leave some terms open to be negotiated at a later time.

11. What is the pre-contractual risk between an unconscious patient and a doctor who has performed services upon him? What type of contract is found between them? How would a "sliding scale" based on the patient's ability to pay affect the risks?

12. In Vickery v. Ritchie, the parties attempted to form an express contract for the construction of a turkish bath house, but they were each presented an improper price by the architect who later left. As it turns out, the construction company spent about $33,000 in materials and labor, but the resulting market value of the property dropped to about $22,000. In terms of risk and good regulatory policy, why should the court award the contractor the fair market value of his materials and labor, as opposed to the resulting fair market value of the property?

13. Should a bidder for a government contract be awarded damages if his bid is not considered by the government, or if it is considered but rejected in bad faith? If so, how should damages be awarded? Does the government obtain any benefit from the bidding process? 

14. What considerations, other than the conduct of the parties involved, might a court take into account in determining the amount of damages to award in a contract case?

15. What is the difference between express and implied in fact contracts? Any difference at the "bottom line"?

16. What special problems to contractual obligation are found in cases involving family members?

17. If two parties to a transaction leave the price open for further negotiation in the future, but then fail to reach a good faith determination of price when it comes time to negotiate, can the "contract" be enforced? If so, what should the price be set to?

18. Where there is ambiguity as to the terms of a transaction in the communications between parties, how is the "mistake" most likely to be construed by the courts?

19. Under what circumstances could silence be viewed as assent?

20. Explain, as precisely as you can, the reliance principle. What measure of damages can be protected by invoking the reliance principle?

21. The "battle of the forms" is a term for the problems that arise when the offeror and the offeree have standard contract forms that each attempt to reserve power for themselves, but are in conflict with each other. Explain how these situations are regulated under modern contract law.

22. What are some examples of terms that would be thrown out by a court from a form contract under UCC §2-207?

23. How does the reliance principle come into play in Capital Savings to protect the bank customer from having to make up the difference in the mortgage payments that resulted from a miscalculation of the monthly payment by the bank?

24. Can the reliance principle be coupled with express contract?

25. Under the reliance principle, should a π be able to recover the expenditures he made in reliance on the ∆'s conduct (reliance damages), as well as the gross profits that he would have made if the deal had gone through (expectation damages), both in the same action? Why or why not?

26. Explain, as precisely as you can, the consideration doctrine.

27. Explain, as precisely as you can, the relationship between the reliance principle and the consideration doctrine.

28. How can promissory estoppel result in award of expectation damages?

29. What is the relationship between the power of acceptance and the power of revocation?

30. Under what circumstances is an offer and acceptance analysis helpful in determining the presence or absence of a binding contract?

31. In the standard general contractor/sub-contractor bidding scenario, what legal meaning bearing on the identification and distribution of risk between the sub and the general can be attached to the use of the sub's bid by the general in figuring his general bid price, under the reliance principle? List all possible meanings. How should a court select the "correct" meaning?

32. Under what circumstances would you, as a matter of sound regulatory policy, allow the withdrawal of a mistakenly calculated bid?

33. How does the "receipt" doctrine affect the balance of power as between the offeror and the offeree? When should it be applied?

34. What is the relationship between "offer and acceptance" analysis and the consideration doctrine? 

35. §45 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts provides that when an offer invites acceptance by performance, the beginning of performance transforms the offer into an option, and the option is exercised by completion of performance, resulting in an express contract. What special problems of acceptance by performance does §45 cover? Where does the reliance interest figure in §45?

36. When a buyer has reserved the power to buy unspecified amounts, his promise has been said to be "illusory". What is this "illusoriness"? What is its relationship to the consideration doctrine? How do requirements contracts governed by UCC §2-306 overcome this problem?

37. In close cases, why do modern courts prefer to find contract formation between parties as opposed to concluding that no contract was formed?

38. In a performance centered contract, what is the barest addition to performance itself that may yield contractual liability?

39. In what way could a performance centered contract lead to protection of the expectation interest?

40. What is a bilateral executory contract and what is its relationship to the expectation interest?

1. Under what circumstances would fraud be a valid defense to a contract action?

3. Why must we reject the notion of "legal detriment" as a requirement for contract modification? As a matter of sound regulatory policy what should we substitute in its place?

4. How does modification differ from waiver? Why is it important to commercial dealings that both means of risk redistribution be allowable?

5. Identify as precisely as you can the apparent tension between the reliance principle and the operation of a waiver. How does UCC §2-209(5) deal with this problem?

6. How can payment of "less" than the contracted for debt be squared with the consideration doctrine?

7. When two contracting parties have made an express contract in which they differ on the meaning of a critical term (remember the "chicken" case), normally the party who has been most reasonable in their construction of the language is rewarded as a matter of regulatory policy by having their meaning used by the court. How should the conflict be handled in the case where both parties have been equally reasonable?

8. Sometimes a court chooses to set aside the consideration, discharge parties from any further obligation to perform, and get directly at the reliance and restitutionary interests of the parties. What dilemma, measured at the bottom line, does this choice introduce?

9. How does the "American Repair Doctrine" differ from the rule of absolute liability in the case of building construction contracts? Why does an objective view of the consideration obviate the need to rely on the doctrinal approach and still arrive at the correct bottom line?

10. Identify the typical protectable interests that a builder and a landowner may have arising out of a contract to build a house. What do they represent?

10. 

11. Construct an argument that discharge of the parties, meaning the setting aside of the consideration, can be squared with the consideration doctrine itself.

12. Why might a negotiated outcome be preferable to a litigated outcome in a contract dispute? What common problem is a negotiated outcome faced with?

13. Describe the pressure put on the consideration by one party having completely performed before the other party has performed. What regulatory goals must the court balance in order to address this problem sufficiently?

14. Identify the pressure put on the consideration doctrine by including a express liquidated damages clause that requires specific performance of the contract as a remedy.

15. In fashioning the ideal remedy, the court must keep in mind the bottom line regulatory message it will be sending out as a precedent. To this end, what must the ideal remedy accomplish?

16. Why might an arbitration award of specific performance be given more weight by a court than an express specific performance clause in a contract?

17. Why does an objective view of contract require that in a standard sale of goods contract a buyer's damages for lost profits due to seller's breach be based on whether he has effected cover?

18. Under what circumstances might lost profits be denied even when they are part of an objective view of the consideration? Give one example from the cases we have read where this might have occurred.

19. All other facts remaining the same, would it have made any difference at the bottom line in Kerr if the telegraph company were able to decipher the encoded telegram and understand its contents? Why or why not?

20. Identify the "increment of risk" that is brought about by anticipatory repudiation of the seller in a standard sale of goods case. Why does the consideration doctrine require that this increment of risk be assigned to the repudiating seller? 

21. Why might there not be an "increment of risk" created when a debtor repudiates in a unilateral contract such as a simple debt?

22. Describe how the consideration doctrine requires that a party who is faced with anticipatory repudiation may wait no longer than a commercially reasonable time before bringing an action for damages.

23. Give an example of how an aggrieved party might actually minimize his losses by continuing to perform after the other party has already made his repudiation final? Could an award of specific performance be useful in this type of case?

24. Why does the UCC provide the alternative for the repudiating party to retract his repudiation, as well as allowing the aggrieved party to wait a commercially reasonable time before resorting to an action for breach?

25. Exactly why might a retail auto dealer be allowed to retain a reasonable portion of a down payment on a car when the buyer decides to breach his sales contract and return the car which is subsequently sold to another buyer? 

26. During negotiations for a building construction installment contract a general contractor demands that a clause requiring immediate acceleration of all future installment payments be included as liquidated damages in case of the client's breach. What is the trouble with this clause? Why might the client be inclined to leave it in the contract anyway?

27. Why is a life insurance contract not assignable to another beneficiary?

28. How might unregulated assignment of contractual rights violate the consideration doctrine?

29. Why is it imperative that rights for damages upon breach of a contract for the sale of goods always be assignable if the assignor has completed his performance?

30. Explain how a life insurance beneficiary's contractual interest in the contract between the testator and the life insurance company is restitutionary in nature.